This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate a latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a mature peptide, and is found in either a latent form composed of a mature peptide homodimer, a LAP homodimer, and a latent TGF-beta binding protein, or in an active form consisting solely of the mature peptide homodimer. The mature peptide may also form heterodimers with other TGFB family members. This encoded protein regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and growth, and can modulate expression and activation of other growth factors including interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. This gene is frequently upregulated in tumor cells, and mutations in this gene result in Camurati-Engelmann disease.

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Flow cytometric analysis of TGF beta 1 expression in HepG2 cells using TGF beta 1 antibody . Green, isotype control; red, TGF beta 1.

Immunocytochemical staining of H9c2 cells with TGF beta 1 antibody . Nuclei were stained blue with DAPI; TGF beta 1 was stained magenta with Alexa Fluor® 647. Images were taken using Leica stellaris 5. Protein abundance based on laser Intensity and smart gain: Low. Scale bar, 20 μm.

Western blotting analysis using TGF beta 1 antibody . Total cell lysates (30 μg) from various cell lines were loaded and separated by SDS-PAGE. The blot was incubated with TGF beta 1 antibody and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody respectively. Image was developed using FeQ™ ECL Substrate Kit .

Western blotting analysis using TGF beta 1 antibody . TGF beta 1 expression in wild type (WT) and TGF beta 1 shRNA knockdown (KD) HeLa cells with 30 μg of total cell lysates. Hsp90 α serves as a loading control. The blot was incubated with TGF beta 1 antibody and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody respectively. Image was developed using FeQ™ ECL Substrate Kit .

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