The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. This protein mediates the signal of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and thus regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. This protein is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein. In response to TGF-beta signal, this protein is phosphorylated by the TGF-beta receptors. The phosphorylation induces the dissociation of this protein with SARA and the association with the family member SMAD4. The association with SMAD4 is important for the translocation of this protein into the nucleus, where it binds to target promoters and forms a transcription repressor complex with other cofactors. This protein can also be phosphorylated by activin type 1 receptor kinase, and mediates the signal from the activin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene.

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Flow cytometric analysis of Smad2 expression in HepG2 cells using Smad2 antibody . Green, isotype control; red, Smad2.

Immunocytochemical staining of HepG2 cells with Smad2 antibody . Nuclei were stained blue with DAPI; Smad2 was stained magenta with Alexa Fluor® 647. Images were taken using Leica stellaris 5. Protein abundance based on laser Intensity and smart gain: Medium. Scale bar, 20 μm.

Western blotting analysis using Smad2 antibody . Total cell lysates (30 μg) from various cell lines were loaded and separated by SDS-PAGE. The blot was incubated with Smad2 antibody and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody respectively. Image was developed using NaQ™ ECL Substrate Kit .

Western blotting analysis using smad2 antibody . Smad2 expression in wild type (WT) and smad2 (SMAD2) knockout (KO) HSHC cells with 20 μg of total cell lysates. Hsp90 α serves as a loading control. The blot was incubated with smad2 antibody and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody respectively. Image was developed using FeQ™ ECL Substrate Kit .

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