Glutamate receptors mediate most excitatory neurotransmission in the brain and play an important role in neural plasticity, neural development and neurodegeneration. Lonotropic glutamate receptors are categorized into NMDA receptors and kainate/AMPA receptors, both of which contain glutamategated, cation-specific ion channels. Kainate/AMPA receptors are co-localized with NMDA receptors in many synapses and consist of seven structurally related subunits designated GluR-1 to -7. The kainate/AMPA receptors are primarily responsible for fast excitatory neurotransmission by glutamate, whereas the NMDA receptors exhibit slow kinesis of Ca2+ ions and a high permeability for Ca2+ ions. The NMDA receptors consist of five subunits: ε 1, 2, 3, 4 and one ζ subunit. The ζ subunit is expressed throughout the brainstem whereas the four ε subunits display limited distribution.

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