Abstract

in vivo AF mouse models (Ang II infusion combined with burst pacing) and in vitro models using rapidly paced AC16 cardiomyocytes were established. Atrial electrophysiology, fibrosis, mitochondrial dynamics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential, and Ca2+ transients were evaluated using multi-electrode recordings, histological staining, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence imaging, flow cytometry, and calcium imaging.