Abstract

Effective nano-platforms that integrate multiple therapeutic modalities are urgently needed to improve breast-cancer outcomes. Therefore, we engineered a breast cancer cell membrane (CM)-mimetic modified hollow cerium oxide nanoparticles (CM@H-CeO2/ID) for photothermal-chemo-immunotherapy of breast cancer. This platform achieves immune escape and active tumour targeting through homologous CM encapsulation; simultaneously, the hollow H-CeO2 carrier is utilised to co-carry ICG and DOX. Upon NIR irradiation, ICG produces hyperthermia that kills tumour cells and releases antigens; DOX then induces immunogenic cell death, and the Ce3+/Ce4+ redox cycling of H-CeO2 scavenges ROS to relieve immunosuppression. This tri-modal synergy markedly promotes dendritic-cell maturation and cytotoxic-T-cell infiltration, elicits systemic anti-tumour immunity and efficiently halts breast-tumour progression, offering a new paradigm for multimodal breast-cancer therapy.