Abstract

Summary In the brain, oscillatory strength embedded in network rhythmicity is important for processing experiences, and this process is disrupted in certain psychiatric disorders. The use of rhythmic network stimuli can change these oscillations and has shown promise in terms of improving cognitive function, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we combine a two-layer learning model, with experiments involving genetically modified mice, that provides precise control of experience-driven oscillations by manipulating long-term potentiation of excitatory synapses onto inhibitory interneurons (LTP E → I ). We find that, in the absence of LTP E → I , impaired network dynamics and memory are rescued by activating inhibitory neurons to augment the power in theta and gamma frequencies, which prevents network overexcitation with less inhibitory rebound. In contrast, increasing either theta or gamma power alone was less effective. Thus, inducing network changes at dual frequencies is involved in memory encoding, indicating a potentially feasible strategy for optimizing network-stimulating therapies.